The Exclusionary Foundations of Embedded Liberalism

Abstract Analyses of embedded liberalism have focused overwhelmingly on trade in goods and capital, to the exclusion migration. We argue that much as capital controls were essential components liberal compromise, so too restrictions democratic social rights labor migrants. Generous welfare programs labor-receiving countries thrived alongside inclusionary immigration policies, but this balanced arrangement was only tenable if migrants politically excluded their destination countries. That is, abroad rested exclusionary political foundations at home. In bringing together IPE literature “globalization trilemma” with comparative politics citizenship, we provide a novel account how worked politically, implications for current debates about fate order time populist resurgence.